🔎 Plan Symbols

• Contour lines: continuous curves with elevations for grading.
• Utilities: dashed or dotted lines for water, sewer, gas, electric, telecom.
• Manholes & catch basins: circles/squares with callouts.
• Storm lines: dashed with arrow showing flow direction.
• Paving hatches: crosshatch for concrete, stipple for asphalt.
• Property / easement lines: heavy dashed lines with dimensions.

📐 Key Calculations

• Cut/Fill Volumes: avg end area method = (A1 + A2) ÷ 2 × length.
• Slope: rise ÷ run × 100 = % grade.
• Paving quantities: area × thickness ÷ 27 = cubic yards of concrete/asphalt.
• Pipe trench volume: (width × depth × length) ÷ 27 = CY excavation.
• Storm line capacity: Manning’s formula (n=0.013 for PVC/HDPE).

⚡ Quick Reference

• 🌎 1 acre = 43,560 SF.
• 📏 Curb & gutter: typically 6" reveal, 18" width.
• 🕳️ Compaction: 95% standard Proctor required for structural fill.
• 🚧 Asphalt thickness: parking 2–3", drives 4–6".
• 🪣 Concrete sidewalk: 4" thick standard, 5' min width (ADA).
• 💧 Storm slope: min 1% for surface drainage.

📝 Self Test

1. What does a contour line with a higher elevation next to a lower elevation represent?
2. How do you calculate slope percentage from rise/run?
3. How many cubic yards of concrete are required for a 12' × 100' driveway at 5" thick?
4. What is the standard compaction percentage for structural fill?
5. What is the minimum ADA sidewalk width?

(Answers: 1) Grade change, higher ground, 2) rise ÷ run × 100, 3) 12 × 100 × 0.42 ÷ 27 ≈ 19 CY, 4) 95% Proctor, 5) 5')